The Ultimate Guide to Palladium Investing
Palladium is an extremely rare element that was first discovered in the early 19th century. Despite a relatively short history, palladium and other platinum group metals (which include platinum, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and ruthenium) are used widely today. By some estimates, one in four products either contains a platinum group metal or uses one in the manufacturing process. Palladium, like platinum, is used widely in the manufacture of catalytic converters, creating a link between the price of the metal and the health of the global auto industry. As such, palladium as an investment vehicle has characteristics of both industrial metals such as copper and precious metals such as gold. There are a number of different options for investing in palladium, including exchange-traded futures contracts, stocks of companies engaged in the extraction and sale of the metal and groundwater treatment. Like platinum, palladium is also used as a precious metal; in jewelry, it is often an alternative to silver or white gold. In recent years, use of palladium in jewelry has become much more common due to a jump in the price of platinum and technological advancements that have addressed certain manufacturing hurdles. China in particular has emerged as a major driver of demand for palladium jewelry.
Palladium Supply and Demand
Palladium is extremely rare; annual global production is approximately 200,000 ounces. Palladium deposits are spread throughout the globe, but there are only a handful of known reserves of significant size. Those include deposits in South Africa, Montana, Ontario and South Africa is home to a significant portion of known PGM reserves. The United States and Canada are also major palladium mining locations, though the U.S. has historically been a major palladium importer. As recently as 2008, the U.S. relied on imports for close to 80% of palladium consumption; that figure has declined to about 60% in recent years.
The concentration of both reserves and mining output in two emerging markets can have obvious ramifications on the price of the metal, especially considering that supply disruptions in the form of mine strikes, natural disasters, or other occurrences are not uncommon.
and theft of these devices has become increasingly common as metal prices have jumped. Technological advancements have allowed the number of ounces generated by recycling converters to skyrocket in recent years; supply from this activity increased from only 195,000 ounces in 1999 to more than 1.1 million ounces in 2008.The History Of The Atomic Structure - News
Drill core is sampled according to standardized technical procedures, which include the core being sawn in half, half of the core being retained, while the other half is sampled for gold analysis via Fire Assay-Atomic Absorption finish using a 50g
I use a bit in my physics lab to purify hydrogen isotopes for research -- only hydrogen will diffuse through it, kind of an atomic filter paper. But you can run a decently large purification station in a big lab and never go near having an ounce of the
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The Global Positioning System through time: the history of GPS ...
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The Global Positioning System through time: the history of GPS (part 3)
Article by Blaise Mibeck
In the mid 1960s three separate military branches were pursuing some sort of satellite navigation system. The Air Force and Navy concurrently developed the System 621B and Timation satellites respectively. The Army had, during this time, developed SECOR (Sequential Correlation or Range System). In 1968, the DoD (Department of Defense) decided to establish NAVSEG (Navigation Satellite Executive Group) in order to converge the Navy, Air Force and Army systems (and future systems) into one program. NAVSEG contracted with various companies to conduct trade studies aimed at fine tuning the overall concept of satellite navigation.
Of course, rivalries between Air Force and Navy programs broke out in the beginning of NAVSEG. Despite this,fundamental questions were settled regarding how this new system would work. Problems like the number of satellites, what frequency bands and orbital geometry should be used were studied with all armed forces in mind. By 1973 a plan had emerged with a signal structure similar to the Air Force-proposed System 621B, satellites based on those of the Timation system and orbital parameters similar to those used by the Navy.
The History Of The Atomic Structure - Bookshelf
Hands-On Physical Science, 75 Real-Life Activities for Kids
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